0 Preparatory knowledge
0.1 Notation
0.2 Linear components
0.3 Independent sources
0.4 Controlled or dependent sources
0.5 Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws
0.6 Superposition
0.7 Advanced superposition
0.8 Thévenin and Norton equivalents
0.9 Linear networks and signals
0.10 Complex impedances
0.11 Fourier transformations
0.12 Differential equations
0.13 Circuit analysis methods
0.14 Transfer functions
0.15 Bode plots
0.16 Calculations & mathematics
0.17 The basics
0.18 Basic rules
0.19 Basic math rules
0.20 Simplifying relations
0.21 Impedance matching and maximum power transfer
0.22 Solving exercises
0.23 Verification using the answer manual
0.24 And finally...
1 Introduction
1.1 The focus in this book...
1.2 Why we need non-linear components...
1.3 Our work horse: the transistor
1.4 Typesetting in the book
2 Semiconductor physics in a nutshell
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Semiconductors
2.3 Diodes
2.3.1 Temperature dependency of the diode current
2.3.2 Capacitive effects in junctions: in reverse
2.3.3 Extra capacitive effects in junctions in forward
2.3.4 Modelling the diode
2.3.5 Modelling the diode - simplified
2.4 Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs)
2.4.1 Temperature dependency of the BJT currents
2.4.2 BJT $i_C$-$v_{\mathit{𝐶𝐸}}$-dependencies
2.4.3 Capacitive effects in BJTs
2.4.4 Current gain naming conventions
2.5 MOS-transistors
3 Bias circuits
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biasing a transistor: the bias point
3.3 Biasing a transistor: requirements for its bias point
3.4 Biasing a transistor
3.5 Biasing a BJT
3.5.1 Biasing $V_{\mathit{𝐵𝐸}}$ using a DC-voltage source
3.5.2 Biasing by forcing a base current (ideal)
3.5.3 Biasing by forcing a base current (non ideal)
3.5.4 Biasing using emitter degeneration
4 Small-signal equivalent circuits
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Linear model for transistors
4.3 Small signal equivalent models for transistors and circuits
4.4 SSEC of a BJT
4.4.1 Notational simplification
4.4.2 Small signal equivalent of PNPs
4.5 Small-signal parameters
4.5.1 BJT
4.6 Amplifier circuits
4.6.1 Coupling the input and output
4.7 SSEC and small signal properties of a basic amplifier circuit
4.7.1 Design procedure - an example
5 Amplifier circuits
5.1 Basic amplifier circuits
5.1.1 The common-emitter circuit (CEC)
5.1.2 The common-base circuit (CBC)
5.1.3 The common-collector circuit (CCC)
5.1.4 CEC, CBC, CCC, CSC, CGC and CDC: a comparison
5.2 More complex amplifiers
5.2.1 Mix-and-match
5.2.2 Cascading issues: signal transfer
5.2.3 Coupling capacitors: bandwidth limitations
5.2.4 Maximizing gain
5.3 Other useful circuits
5.3.1 Voltage source
5.3.2 Current source
5.3.3 Current mirror
6 Feedback
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Negative feedback
6.2.1 Full negative feedback: a first concept
6.2.2 Negative feedback: a generalised concept
6.3 Negative feedback and amplifiers: some examples
6.3.1 Effect of negative feedback on bandwidth
6.3.2 Effect of negative feedback on interference, distortion and noise
6.4 Stability
6.4.1 Rough classification of systems with feedback
6.4.2 Stability of systems with negative feedback
6.4.3 Stable and unstable: now what?
6.4.4 Stability of systems with feedback: examples
6.4.5 Phase and gain margin
6.5 The Bode plot as tool for presentation
6.6 Feedback and dominant first-order behavior
6.6.1 Creating dominant first-order behavior
7 The op-amp and negative feedback
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Linear applications
7.2.1 Non-inverting voltage amplifier
7.2.2 Inverting voltage amplifier
7.2.3 Virtual ground
7.2.4 Miller’s theorem
7.2.5 The integrator
7.2.6 The differentiator
7.2.7 Summation of currents
7.2.8 Summation of voltages
7.2.9 Subtraction of voltages
7.2.10 Filters
8 Harmonic oscillators (low Q)
8.1 Introduction into harmonic oscillators
8.2 Harmonic oscillators and quality factor Q
8.3 Harmonic oscillators with a low Q
8.3.1 Wien bridge oscillator
8.3.2 Alternative Wien bridge oscillator configurations
8.3.3 Three-stage (low pass) phase-shift oscillator
8.3.4 Alternative implementation of the three stage low pass phase shift oscillator
8.3.5 Three stage phase shift oscillator with high pass sections
8.3.6 More-than-three stage low pass phase shift oscillator (negative gain)
8.3.7 More-than-three stage low pass phase shift oscillator (positive gain)
8.4 Where and how to derive the loop gain - part 1
8.5 Startup issues
8.6 Amplitude control using the actual amplitude
8.7 Amplitude control using clipping
8.8 Initial signal at about the oscillation frequency
8.9 Trivial extension to low-Q oscillators using transconductors
9 Harmonic oscillators (high Q)
9.1 High Q harmonic oscillators with single transistors/amplifiers
9.1.1 A first try with a BJT
9.1.2 With a BJT... second try
9.1.3 Which ${𝒁}_{𝑨}$, ${𝒁}_{𝑩}$ and ${𝒁}_{𝑪}$?
9.2 Where and how to derive the loop gain - part 2
9.3 Single transistor oscillators - in any single-transistor amplifier configuration
9.4 Some high-Q single-BJT oscillator examples
9.4.1 Example: the Colpitts oscillator using a common emitter amplifier - 1
9.4.2 Example: the Colpitts oscillator using a common emitter amplifier - 2
9.4.3 Examples of CBC and CCC Colpitts oscillators
9.4.4 Examples of Clapp and Hartley oscillators
9.5 High Q harmonic oscillators with multiple transistors/amplifiers
9.6 Some high Q multiple BJT oscillators: examples
9.7 Crystal oscillators
9.7.1 Oscillator circuits with a crystal
10 Introduction to RF electronics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Transmitting and receiving
11 Antennas
11.1 Maxwell
11.2 Maxwell and Kirchhoff
11.3 Introduction to antennae
11.4 Dipole antennae
11.5 Monopole antennae
11.6 Other antenna characteristics
12 Modulation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Amplitude modulation (AM)
12.2.1 Generating AM
12.2.2 Detecting AM: the envelope detector
12.2.3 Detecting AM by downconversion
12.3 Angle modulation: PM and FM
12.3.1 The spectrum of broadcast (wideband) FM
12.3.2 Generating FM: the voltage-controlled oscillator
12.3.3 Detecting FM
12.4 Digital modulation
12.5 A transmission system, a bit more exact
12.6 Putting it all together: a transmit system
13 High-frequency effects in real circuits
13.1 A single wire
13.2 Transistor capacitances
13.3 Two parallel wires - transmission line
13.4 Reflections
13.5 Maximum power versus maximum power transfer
Index